Introduction
In the global landscape of mortality, cardiovascular diseases reign supreme, claiming 31% of all lives in 2016, as reported by the World Health Organization. A pivotal player in the genesis of cardiovascular diseases is metabolic syndrome, entwining variables like obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and glucose metabolism dysfunctions. This intricate dance of risk factors amplifies oxidative stress, triggering mitochondrial dysfunction, the activation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS)-producing enzymes, and compromise of antioxidant systems.
Harmony of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation
Oxidative stress and inflammation, inseparable companions in the cardiovascular disease narrative, set the stage for a cascade of events. As oxidative stress intensifies, it paves the way for the initial occurrences of cardiovascular diseases. Enter antioxidants, the custodians of redox balance, with astaxanthin taking centre stage. This carotenoid, aligned with beta-carotene, lutein, and zeaxanthin, distinguishes itself with two oxygenated groups in each ionone ring—hydroxyl (OH) and carbonyl (C=O). These molecular nuances render astaxanthin a potent antioxidant, surpassing its counterparts. Beyond this, astaxanthin unfurls its anti-inflammatory prowess and plays a role in modulating lipid and glucose metabolism, offering a shield against disorders like atherosclerosis, arterial hypertension, and dyslipidemia.
Astaxanthin's Unique Attributes
Astaxanthin's journey from antioxidant excellence to being recognised as a nutraceutical by the United States Food and Drug Administration in 1999 underscores its safety and efficacy. The multifaceted nature of astaxanthin, coupled with extensive scientific evidence, positions it as a promising preventive and adjuvant agent in cardiovascular diseases.
Molecular and Cellular Ballet
Delving into the core of astaxanthin's impact, this review ^ aims to unravel the intricate molecular and cellular mechanisms that define its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory role in preventing cardiovascular diseases, with a specific spotlight on atherosclerosis. Astaxanthin's ability to navigate the delicate interplay between oxidative stress and inflammation opens doors for novel interventions in the cardiovascular health arena.
Future Implications and Collaborative Research
As we decipher the symphony of astaxanthin in cardiovascular health, the groundwork is laid for future explorations. Collaborative research endeavours can further illuminate the potential of astaxanthin, not just as a supplement but as a crucial player in reshaping the landscape of cardiovascular diseases.
Reference
Full Article - Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms of action of astaxanthin in cardiovascular diseases (Review) ^ Pereira CPM, Souza ACR, Vasconcelos AR, Prado PS, Name JJ. Antioxidant and anti inflammatory mechanisms of action of astaxanthin in cardiovascular diseases (Review). Int J Mol Med. 2021 Jan;47(1):37-48. doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4783. Epub 2020 Nov 4. PMID: 33155666; PMCID: PMC7723678.